Why Powerful Men Sexually Harass Women

We know from recent studies that half the workforce in the US is female. And were also well aware that though the numbers may be equal, the power distribution isnt. Only 15 women served as CEOs of Fortune 500 companies in 2009. Even at the upper and middle levels of management and leadership, men predominate. And with power comes abuse. When a woman files a sexual harassment complaint, its rarely about a co-worker harassing her. Its usually a boss, supervisor, or someone higher up the food chain. Anecdotal evidence suggests that for some men, power provides opportunities and access. Many perpetrators dangle potential jobs, pay raises, or promotions in front of women with the implication that if youre nice to me, Ill be nice to you. But is sexual harassment about sex and lust, or control and domination? Is power the catalyst that flips the off switch into an on position for some men who would otherwise not behave this way if they werent in charge? Those who study human behavior tend to agree that powerful men sexually harass women more than men on equal footing with their female co-workers, but what triggers that is up for debate. Most, however, agree that sexual harassment is not about desire but domination. Noted legal scholar Catharine A. MacKinnon specializes in sex equality issues under constitutional and international law. In her book Directions in Sexual Harassment Law co-written with Reva B. Siegel, MacKinnon states: ...[S]exual harassment is...the expression, in sexual terms, of power, privilege, or dominance....To understand sexual harassment primarily in terms of misplaced sexual desire is wrong for many of the same reasons that it is a mistake to understand rape as primarily a crime of passion or lust. acceptance of interpersonal violencethe desire to dominate womenhigh authoritarianismdifficulty seeing others’ perspectives (difficulty being empathetic)belief in sex-role stereotypesendorsement of stereotypic views of male sex-role norms While the tendency is to link the above traits to male behavior, it might be more accurate to blame hormones -- specifically an overabundance of testosterone. Widely recognized as a major factor in dominant behavior, testosterone also impacts men in other ways (and can similarly influence women with elevated levels in their own bodies). Writing about The Testosterone Curse for Psychology Today, Leon F. Seltzer, Ph.D. notes the many traits associated with high-T (high testosterone) males: ...[D]ominant individuals also tend to be extremely competitive, and are frequently endowed with whats commonly known as the killer instinct. ....[I]n cutthroat businesses, its undeniably an asset....[but] a driving need to compete with others undermines the empathy, understanding, tolerance, and compassion necessary to sustain close, caring relationships.At its worst, high-T dominance and competitiveness can involve brute force, violence, and fighting behavior of all kinds....Their more tender feelings literally blunted by elevated testosterone levels, they tend not to be particularly concerned about--or, for that matter, interested in--the feelings of others....Sadly, theres seems to be something about high testosterone levels that contributes to an almost predatory frame of mind....Complementing this tendency to be imprudent, rash, or even reckless, are a variety of research findings indicating that high-testosterone males are more likely to be impulsive, impatient, unreliable.... According to anthropologist and historian Laura Betzig, the point of politics is sex. She cites rulers throughout history who routinely engaged in sexual harassment and sexual assault, adding: Why is every man with a big harem a despot? Because collecting women–like tribute, like labor, like homage–tends to require force. People...tend to cede favors on two accounts. One is, they get a favor back; the other is, they get beat up if they dont. There are, in short, positive and negative sanctions. because they can Powerful men have a both an overactive libido as compared to normal men, but they are also more willing to gamble that they can get away with their sexual activities....[I]n my opinion, it is the position of power itself that makes men arrogant, narcissistic, egocentric, oversexed, paranoid, despotic, and craving even more power, though there are exceptions to this rule. Powerful men generally have a keen eye for female beauty and attractiveness....Every willing woman confirms the power of the powerful man....It is not too speculative to think that powerful men live in a sexualized or eroticized world. Not only do they expect to have sex whenever they fancy, but they also expect that every woman is always willing to provide this service, and enjoy it. They are...opportunistic and just take what they want. It probably comes as a complete surprise when somebody does not comply. The forbiddenness, and the awareness of transgression, makes the sex even more attractive... Sources:Betzig, Laura. Sex in History. Michigan Today, michigantoday.umich.edu. March 1994.MacKinnon, Catharine A. and Reva B. Siegel. Directions in Sexual Harassment Law. p. 174. Yale University Press. 2004Seltzer, Leon F., Ph.D. The Testosterone Curse (Part 2). PsychologyToday.com. 6 May 2009.Sex and Power: Powerful Men Have an Overactive Libido. Spiegel Online. 27 May 2011. Why Powerful Men Sexually Harass Women We know from recent studies that half the workforce in the US is female. And were also well aware that though the numbers may be equal, the power distribution isnt. Only 15 women served as CEOs of Fortune 500 companies in 2009. Even at the upper and middle levels of management and leadership, men predominate. And with power comes abuse. When a woman files a sexual harassment complaint, its rarely about a co-worker harassing her. Its usually a boss, supervisor, or someone higher up the food chain. Anecdotal evidence suggests that for some men, power provides opportunities and access. Many perpetrators dangle potential jobs, pay raises, or promotions in front of women with the implication that if youre nice to me, Ill be nice to you. But is sexual harassment about sex and lust, or control and domination? Is power the catalyst that flips the off switch into an on position for some men who would otherwise not behave this way if they werent in charge? Those who study human behavior tend to agree that powerful men sexually harass women more than men on equal footing with their female co-workers, but what triggers that is up for debate. Most, however, agree that sexual harassment is not about desire but domination. Noted legal scholar Catharine A. MacKinnon specializes in sex equality issues under constitutional and international law. In her book Directions in Sexual Harassment Law co-written with Reva B. Siegel, MacKinnon states: ...[S]exual harassment is...the expression, in sexual terms, of power, privilege, or dominance....To understand sexual harassment primarily in terms of misplaced sexual desire is wrong for many of the same reasons that it is a mistake to understand rape as primarily a crime of passion or lust. acceptance of interpersonal violencethe desire to dominate womenhigh authoritarianismdifficulty seeing others’ perspectives (difficulty being empathetic)belief in sex-role stereotypesendorsement of stereotypic views of male sex-role norms While the tendency is to link the above traits to male behavior, it might be more accurate to blame hormones -- specifically an overabundance of testosterone. Widely recognized as a major factor in dominant behavior, testosterone also impacts men in other ways (and can similarly influence women with elevated levels in their own bodies). Writing about The Testosterone Curse for Psychology Today, Leon F. Seltzer, Ph.D. notes the many traits associated with high-T (high testosterone) males: ...[D]ominant individuals also tend to be extremely competitive, and are frequently endowed with whats commonly known as the killer instinct. ....[I]n cutthroat businesses, its undeniably an asset....[but] a driving need to compete with others undermines the empathy, understanding, tolerance, and compassion necessary to sustain close, caring relationships.At its worst, high-T dominance and competitiveness can involve brute force, violence, and fighting behavior of all kinds....Their more tender feelings literally blunted by elevated testosterone levels, they tend not to be particularly concerned about--or, for that matter, interested in--the feelings of others....Sadly, theres seems to be something about high testosterone levels that contributes to an almost predatory frame of mind....Complementing this tendency to be imprudent, rash, or even reckless, are a variety of research findings indicating that high-testosterone males are more likely to be impulsive, impatient, unreliable.... According to anthropologist and historian Laura Betzig, the point of politics is sex. She cites rulers throughout history who routinely engaged in sexual harassment and sexual assault, adding: Why is every man with a big harem a despot? Because collecting women–like tribute, like labor, like homage–tends to require force. People...tend to cede favors on two accounts. One is, they get a favor back; the other is, they get beat up if they dont. There are, in short, positive and negative sanctions. because they can Powerful men have a both an overactive libido as compared to normal men, but they are also more willing to gamble that they can get away with their sexual activities....[I]n my opinion, it is the position of power itself that makes men arrogant, narcissistic, egocentric, oversexed, paranoid, despotic, and craving even more power, though there are exceptions to this rule. Powerful men generally have a keen eye for female beauty and attractiveness....Every willing woman confirms the power of the powerful man....It is not too speculative to think that powerful men live in a sexualized or eroticized world. Not only do they expect to have sex whenever they fancy, but they also expect that every woman is always willing to provide this service, and enjoy it. They are...opportunistic and just take what they want. It probably comes as a complete surprise when somebody does not comply. The forbiddenness, and the awareness of transgression, makes the sex even more attractive... Sources:Betzig, Laura. Sex in History. Michigan Today, michigantoday.umich.edu. March 1994.MacKinnon, Catharine A. and Reva B. Siegel. Directions in Sexual Harassment Law. p. 174. Yale University Press. 2004Seltzer, Leon F., Ph.D. The Testosterone Curse (Part 2). PsychologyToday.com. 6 May 2009.Sex and Power: Powerful Men Have an Overactive Libido. Spiegel Online. 27 May 2011.

Do Country-of-Origin Labels Incur an Effect on Young Consumer Attitude Dissertation

Essays on Do Country-of-Origin Labels Incur an Effect on Young Consumer Attitudes towards Fashion Luxury Brands Dissertation The paper â€Å"Do Country-of-Origin Labels Incur an Effect on Young Consumer Attitudes towards Fashion Luxury Brands?† is an informative example of a dissertation on marketing. International business and trade have increased more than any time in history which has led to consumers being increasingly bombarded with products and services from a variety of foreign companies. It is clear to all that consumers evaluate and take into consideration many different factors before a purchase is made and one main factor is the country where the product originated from. This is particularly noticeable in the high-end fashion industry. Admittedly, there has now been a large body of research archived examining the impact that country-of-origin (COO) labels have on the product choices of consumers. However, most of the early research took into account only COO information and isolated other factors that may influence the evaluation of product choice. Such researches have been criticized for its flaws. After all, as well as COO, other factors such as product type, product warranty, component types and store prestige all come together to influence product choice.Marketers are aware that consumers are known to develop stereotypes beliefs about products from particular countries. It is for this simple reason that the COO image has the power to stimulate both traders and consumer belief about product attributes and in turn, may influence the evaluation of the product or brand. This is most noticeable in luxury fashion, particularly clothing, where consumers are quick to stereotype Italy and Paris as being high-level quality whilst devaluating other countries such as China.From a COO viewpoint, there are several factors that have been explored when it comes to product evaluation and choice. A study by Shimp and Sharma (1987) highlights one particular factor which indicates that consumer ethnocentrism is a good example in which it has come to influence how consumers perceive products and brands from foreign countries. Both consumer patriotism and national hostility have been shown to impact consumer perception of a product from a certain country. What’s more, this perception can be either a positive or negative viewpoint which in turn will influence the choice.It is argued that when considering COO, the congruity theory should be very much considered as a key factor potentially affecting consumer behavior and choice. To be more precise, when congruity theory is applied, it is argued that consumer behavior will affect not simply on the brand name but as importantly which country the product was manufactured in, hence if the product is perceived to be congruent to the brand name or not. For example, consider two Italian brands, one being Prada and the other Missoni and hence both well know the in luxury cloths industry and both Italian brands. If Prada was to include an item made in Italy and however Missoni to include a similar item made China, t hen according to congruity theory, since Italy is associated with luxury and product quality, therefore Prada should gain a more positive attitude when putting alongside Missoni.The concept of Brand equity suggests the importance of a brand to a product. Although a brand is viewed by a consumer as simply a name or symbol to identify a product, a marketer, however, views brand equity to have great importance if managed correctly. It is believed that brand equity applies more to luxury fashion brands than non-luxury brands. Most brand equity research focuses on the marketing mix variables such as advertising, price, distribution, and product quality as the contributing factors (Yasin, Noor, and Mohammad, 2007, p.38). Not much attention is given to non-marketing mix factors such as country-of-origin.

APA Paper Template Free Essays

Fort Hood, the military reservation located in Killeen, Texas and 20-year- old Adam Lana fatally shot 20 children and 6 adult staff members of the Sandy Creek Elementary School located in Newton, Connecticut. Both males had a history of mental illness and the deaths and injuries could possibly have avoided if the gun control regulations were stricter or included a provision for restricting access to guns by persons with a history of mental illness. Public Safety Mental illness and childhood bullying has been a leading causes for many Of the shooting across the world. We will write a custom essay sample on APA Paper Template or any similar topic only for you Order Now Public safety was the key to the debate in Connecticut after the tragic shooting of the Sandy Creek students and staff to demand stricter, more sensible gun laws. The primary goal is to protect the children and prevent additional massacres. President Obama wants to ban almost all reinserts of military surplus firearms to private entities. This will lead to the closure of a 1 1 a-year-old Civilian Marksmanship Program. The weapons used in the Columbine shutting were military grade weapons. The ban by President Obama is solely to keep military grade fire arms off the trees. The weapon used in the Sandy Creek Elementary School was a Bushmaster Model XML 5-SEES rifle. According to â€Å"There is so much ample evidence of the inability of the civilian world to control these weapons, that is no longer reasonable to entrust them to for that purpose,† Joshua Kickoffs, an attorney representing the families, said in an interview. â€Å"How many massacres do there have to be before that is realized? How to cite APA Paper Template, Papers

Assisted suiced Essay Example For Students

Assisted suiced Essay Today we struggle with the medical ethics on issues of life and death in a culture that denies the terminally and the infirm the right to maintain control over when to end their lives. They come to realize that at some level we are all dependent on others. From infancy to death, the cradle to the grave we rely on a number of people. One such person is our physician. In todays society a physician is expected to be dedicated to the restoration of health, and the mending of the broken body. What happens when the body is past mending? Is euthanasia the answer? What do I believe?Through discussions with my uncle, David Hollett M.D., and first hand observation of the suffering of loved ones close to death, I have come to the conclusion that when the body is past mending, the current practice by physicians is to medicate and provide a pain management program through strong narcotics. This often causes patients in their last days, months, and even years, to fail to recognize loved ones, hall ucinate, suffer from confusion, and even cause, in the most severe cases to be unconscious. There are two types of euthanasia active and passive. Active euthanasia, which is the injecting of a lethal drug, which ends the life, is opposed by many people, and illegal in most countries. This method requires one person killing another. This is also known as physician assisted suicide. Fewer people oppose passive euthanasia, which is the withdrawal of life sustaining medical treatment. The supporters contend that through passive euthanasia, the person dies what would be considered a natural death. Possibly Gods will. In 1990, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that patients have a right to passive euthanasia if they have clearly made their wishes known. People can do so through living wills and by granting powers of attorney. A living will is a legal document addressed to a patients family and health care providers stating what type of treatment the patient wishes or does not wish to receive if he becomes terminally ill, unconscious, or permanently comatose (Mc Graw-Hill). A power of attorney is the legal right to act as the attorney or agent of another person, including handling that persons financial matters (Mc Graw-Hill). But what about active euthanasia?Currently only Oregon and the Netherlands have laws permitting physician-assisted suicide. There was little need to until Dr. Jack Kevorkian, a 70-year old retired pathologist from Royal Oak, Michigan. Dr.Kevorkian used bully pulpit to strongly advocate for allowing patients the right to decide when they no longer wished to live..He challenged the legal system by openly admitted to giving assistance to patients with no possibility of any relief from their pain and suffering. He has admitted to extending help to 130 patients up to now (Naidu). Because the Michigan Supreme Court up held a lower court decision, it was ruled that the current law outlawing assisted suicide was constitutional. Dr. Kevorkian, also known as Dr. Death, was charged in 1999, tried and convicted of second-degree murder and illegal delivery of a controlled substance. This was decided after the authorities reviewed a tape originally sent to 60 Minutes. The tape was of Kevorkian directly administering drugs to a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Lou Gehrigs disease. The judge sentenced him to serve concurrent prison terms of 10 to 25 years for the murder charge and 3 to 7 years for the drug charge (Globe). He is still in jail. I believe that life is a gift from the divine Creator, temporarily entrusted to us as faithful guardians . Therefore, death, in and of itself, is not a road to heaven and should not be contemplated as such. I find my answers to these questions in the bible in various scriptures. James 5:16 advised that when we sin it is important for us to confess not only to God, but also to our fellow Christians. How does one do this if they have just ended their life? In Corinthians 3:16 it is stated Dont you know that yourselves are Gods temple and that Gods spirit lives in you? If anyone destroys gods temple, God will destroy him;